Concepts of Theorists Theories

Concepts of Theorists Theories Introduction The founding fathers of sociology developed various theories to help in studying the social world with the aim of giving meaning to social phenomena. The concepts of such theories were used to explain the relationship between individuals and the factors that held the society together.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Theorists’ Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, the scholars developed different theories that represented their views about the society. The theories are still being used to explain the events that occur in different communities. Thus this paper will focus on the application of various sociological theories in real life situations. The theories and their applications are as follows. Theorists and their Concepts Michael Foucault: Sexuality and the Queer Theory Foucault studied the history of the concept of sexuality from the seventeenth century. His aim w as to disapprove the hypothesis that the â€Å"Western society has seen repression of sexuality and that sexuality has been unmentionable† (Johnson, 2008). According to Foucault, sexuality has always been viewed in two different ways. In the Asian civilization, sexuality is considered to be an art and a unique experience. However, it is kept a secret so that its power can be preserved. The western society on the other hand considered it to be a science. Thus the truth behind it should be confessed (Johnson, 2008). This means that even though sexuality has always been viewed as something sinful, there is always a compulsion to confess one’s sexuality in order to acknowledge its existence. This theory is applicable in explaining the ongoing debate on the legitimacy of homosexuality and guy relationships. Even though such relationships have been declared sinful, those who engage in them still confess their sexual orientations publicly. Due to enlightment, the society has changed its perspective on sexuality by accepting those who engage in unnatural sexual acts (Calhoun, Gerteis, Moody, 2007). Thus today, pervasion is viewed as a form of identification rather than an attribute. It is for this reason that individuals are classified as homosexuals or heterosexuals. In the context of the debate on the legitimacy of homosexual relationships, Foucault argues that sexuality is a social construction rather than a natural occurrence. This means that people hold different opinions on unnatural sexual acts. Thus it is not possible to achieve consensus on the legitimacy of homosexual relationships. Dorothy Smith: Institutional Ethnography Institutional ethnography is a sociological concept of inquiry that focuses on making new discoveries instead of mere testing of various hypotheses or using a particular theory to find empirical evidence. According to this concept, language is the medium through which ideas and thoughts are exchanged between individuals and the realms of the society (Calhoun, Gerteis, Moody, 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This means that language is used to make discoveries on how various social institutions function. The aim of institutional ethnography is to help individuals to integrate new discoveries with existing knowledge in order to participate effectively in the institutions that they act in. This concept can be applied in understanding the functioning of the political system as an institution (Johnson, 2008). For example, the recently introduced health care reforms Act (PPAC) in the US, was based on the concept of institutional ethnography. Through the use of language such as written texts, the citizens complained of the inefficiencies of the health care system. The government used the same procedure to discuses and to develop policies that addressed the health care issues. Thus written texts formed the link between the people and the government. Besides, the Act was developed as a written text that defines the new health care laws. This means that the texts act as the basis for controlling or coordinating the activities of the health care system. Thus language in this case played three roles which include identifying the weaknesses of the health care system, formulating the response strategies and coordinating the activities of the health care system. Herbert Marcuse: Classical Theory (One Dimensional Man) ‘One dimensional man’ is a classical sociological theory that was written by Herbert Marcuse in response to the lack of freedom in the society (Calhoun, Gerteis, Moody, 2007). He argues that technological advancement have led to a comfortable, democratic, reasonable and a smooth society. However, all these accomplishments have been realized at the expense of freedom. Thus the rights and freedom of speech, thought and consciousness continue to decl ine as industrial development continues. This means that alternative modes of realization should be put in place in response to the current societal capabilities. Herbert’s theory and its concept of freedom can be used to explain the unrest that is currently being witnessed in the Arab world. Arab countries in the Middle East and Northern Africa are currently facing a lot of political challenges as citizens seek to over through their local governments.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Theorists’ Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The aim of these unrests is to help the citizens to regain their freedom and rights. As the countries developed, economic and political systems that are beyond the control of the citizens were created. This led to domination as the leaders used social institutions to serve their interests at the expense of the citizens. Democracy which is a product of modern civilization has not helped to save the situation since it does not eliminate the position of the ruler or the ruled. This means that democracy only facilitates the election of leaders in a fair manner but can not guarantee better leaders. Thus the economic and political developments in the troubled Arab countries led to comfort and prosperity. However, it created a social system that undermines the freedom and rights of the citizens (Johnson, 2008). Talcott Parsons: Structural Functionalism Structural functionalism is a sociological perspective whereby the society is interpreted as a structure with various parts that are interrelated (Calhoun, Gerteis, Moody, 2007). Under this theory, the society is addressed as a whole by focusing on how its constituent parts (elements) such as norms, institutions, traditions and customs function together. According to Persons, the nuclear family is â€Å"the basic building block of the society† (Johnson, 2008). He argued that the society is coherent and resembles an organism whose various organs (social institutions) unconsciously work together in a quasi-automatic manner in order to realize social equilibrium. Persons’ theory and its concept of functionalism, is applicable in the development of the modern industrialized society. Industrial development especially in the Western society has led to the creation of various social institutions such as politics or government, modern economy and formal education. These institutions are interdependent since they support each other. For example, the government enforces the laws that govern other institutions, the economy provides the revenue that supports other institutions and education provides the knowledge that informs decision-making in every institution. The industrialized society is thus held together by the constitution which defines the shared values. The significance of the individual in this case is thus seen in terms of the status of their position in reg ard to social relations as well as the behaviors that are linked to their status (Johnson, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Emile Durkheim: Mechanical and Organic Solidarity Solidarity relates to the various types of integration and the level to which they occur in societies or groups and their neighbors. It refers to the social ties that bind members of the society together (Johnson, 2008). Solidarity in various societies is based on different factors. Mechanical solidarity is the result of the homogeneity among individuals. This means that individuals feel connected as a result of similarities in lifestyle, education or religious affiliation. Thus mechanical solidarity is common in traditional or less developed societies. Organic solidarity is the product of specialization in work and the interdependence among individuals (Johnson, 2008). Thus it is common in the industrialized society that is characterized by high levels of specialization. The concept of solidarity applies in regional integration or globalization as a social phenomenon. Initially, different countries were independent and strived to pr oduce all goods and services that were just enough for their citizens. This was thus mechanical solidarity. However, this became difficult due to scarcity of resources and internal inefficiencies. Consequently, various countries began to specialize in what they could best produce. They also produced surplus goods which were exported in exchange of what they could not produce. This means that countries became dependent on each other and this led to solidarity (Johnson, 2008). This type of solidarity has led to regional integration and globalization. It is therefore an organic type of solidarity that is based on economic and political ties. Thus even though different countries hold different values and pursue varying economic and development policies; solidarity has been maintained at the global level due to the interdependence among countries. Max Weber: Theory of Rationalization Rationalization is a â€Å"process whereby various social actions are based on teleological efficiency c onsiderations or calculations instead of being informed by emotions, tradition, customs or morality† (Johnson, 2008). Weber explained the concept of rationalization in his work titled â€Å"the protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism† (Johnson, 2008). In this work, he explained that some religious denominations such as Calvinism are focusing on rationalization in order to fulfill their salvation needs. He also studied bureaucracy and pointed out that leadership or authority is shifting towards rationalization. Thus most societies especially in the developed countries are using the rational-legal system of authority. The overall effect of increased rationalization is the creation of a social system that is based on rules and rational control. The concept of rationalization informs the management of modern organizations especially in the private sector that focuses on profits and efficiency. The management policies that govern such organizations are based on econom ic considerations in order to facilitate effective goal achievement. This means that the goals of the organizations are being prioritized and the management policies override the values of the individuals (employees). Besides, the organizations have adopted the rational-legal form of authority in order to facilitate effective succession in leadership (Johnson, 2008). The rules and regulations that govern the organizations have become the masters of the employees since they are beyond the control of the latter. This has led to dehumanization as employees become increasingly alienated from the organizations that they work for. Thus rationalization has created a social system in the workplace that deprives the employees of the freedom to engage in what they deem to be right. Ralf Dahrendorf: Class Conflict Theory Dahrendorf studied class conflict in the post-capitalist society. According to Dahrendorf, the post-capitalist society is characterized by â€Å"a diverse class structure and a fluid power system† (Calhoun, Gerteis, Moody, 2007). Thus the inequality that exists in the post-capitalist society is more complex than it was during Marx time. He also argues that capitalism has greatly changed especially with the emergence of the public companies whereby ownership does not lead to automatic control over means of economic production. Thus class conflict has shifted to a straggle between those who exercise authority and those who obey. Class conflict in the post-capitalist society has been institutionalized. Besides, elaborate distinctions have been made in regard to skill levels, income, life chances and prestige. Dahrendorf’s perspective on class conflict applies to the labor relations in the modern economy. Unlike in the past when employers were not keen on the welfare of the employees, they currently focus on the development of their human capital in order to create competitive advantages in their businesses. Thus the work environment has been improved through better pay, employee training and diversity programs. However, class conflict still exists as employees seek to influence the decisions of the employers in relation to work conditions. This leads to power struggle between those in authority (employers) and those who obey (employees). The institutions such as trade unions, parliament and the judiciary have assumed the responsibility of handling the class conflict between the various classes. Through these institutions, class conflict has led to an improvement in work environment in the modern economy (Johnson, 2008). Karl Marx: Marxism Theory Marxism is a socio-political as well as an economic view of how the society can be improved through the introduction of socialism. It is based on the premise that social change takes place due to the struggle between various classes that are always against each other in the society (Johnson, 2008). According Marx, capitalism is responsible for the exploitation of the proletariat s who work for the bourgeoisies. Thus the inequality between the proletariats and the bourgeoisies can only be reduced through proletariat revolution. Such a revolution would enable the proletariats to be in control of the government in order to introduce socialism by reposing private wealth and using it for the benefit of all citizens. Marx expected capitalism to collapse due to the tensions associated with it and communism will be introduced. Marxism can be used to explain the distribution of resources in most governments in the world. Even though capitalism has not yet collapsed as was expected, the class conflict between the rich and the poor has greatly influenced the distribution of resources. Due to huge differences in income and constant protests by the poor, the key sectors of the economy have been nationalized. For example, education, defense or security and health care systems are being controlled by the government. This means that most of the resources in the above secto rs are owned by citizens through the government and not private individuals. Thus the benefits that accrue from these sectors are obtained for free or at subsidized prices in order to benefit the poor. This is a form of socialism since it focuses on equal distribution of resources (Johnson, 2008). Kingsley Davis: the Theory of Mental Hygiene and the Class Structure This theory relates to the way individuals are considered to be either superior or inferior in the eyes of others. According to this theory, there are two classes in the society namely, the mobile and the immobile class. The mobile class is associated with the protestant ethic while the immobile class is associated with the caste system (Johnson, 2008). The relationship between social class and mental hygiene is that the latter has adopted the protestant ethic which is inherent in the mobile class. Thus a person is considered to be normal if he is able to choose a calling and excel in it. The person who requires occupatio nal therapy is considered to be mentally ill. In this theory, life is viewed as a competition whose morality dictates that the participants abide by the rules. The theory applies in the control of crime in the society. Individuals are expected to move up the social ladder through hard-work. Besides, they must acquire their wealth in a legitimate manner. The people who are able to realize social and economic success are thus considered to be mentally healthy (Calhoun, Gerteis, Moody, 2007). This means that the focus of the society is to promote success through hard-work rather than crime. Thus the prevention of delinquency will be achieved as individuals pursue success through legitimate means. Conclusion The above discussion illustrates the application of various sociological theories in real life situations. The theories and their concepts address the dynamics of the society in terms of the social, political and economic occurrence as discussed above. While some theories focus of a particular aspect of the society, other theories applies to a wide range of situations. For example, Marxism has political, social and economic dimensions (Calhoun, Gerteis, Moody, 2007). The application of the above concepts thus illustrates the role of sociological theorists and their theories in interpreting the social world. Bibliography Calhoun, C., Gerteis, J., Moody, J. (2007). Comtemporary sociological theory. London: Blackwell Publishing. Johnson, D. (2008). Contemporay sociological theory. New York: Springer.

What is the role of community in service learning Essay

What is the role of community in service learning - Essay Example Perfection is the point where education leads a human being. By following a well planned path of education, he or she is able to serve the community for an overall benefit. All service towards the community germinates from a sense of responsibility and this sense is an outcome of appropriate learning process which one has to avail. Although service learning calls for many interpretations, there is a core meaning which is applicable from all perspectives. Many stalwarts discussing the idea of service learning have been unanimous on a certain point and they have expressed: â€Å"Service-learning combines’ service objectives with learning objectives with the intent that the activity changes both the recipient and the provider of the service. This is accomplished by combining service tasks with structured opportunities that link the task to self-reflection, self-discovery, and the acquisition and comprehension of values, skills, and knowledge content.†(Defining Service Learning 2002) The Definition: Service learning is a learning experience enriching process which contributes in community service. Person going through a service learning process becomes responsible as a citizen and this individual gain ultimately results in empowering the community. There are many little responsibilities which can be learned by this gradual process, as for example: a person can learn how he or she should take care of the city restricting the chances of pollution. Communication skill is an integral part of the study of this subject too. Although career interest is given priority, it is guided in such a direction so that a positive impact on the concerned social milieu becomes prominent. Public policy, environment and science are the three career objectives for the people who go through a service learning process. Service learning is, in many ways, an activity aimed

Tourism is becoming increasingly important as a source of income to Research Paper

Tourism is becoming increasingly important as a source of income to many countries but its disadvantages should not be overlooked - Research Paper Example Imported influence facilitates adoption of imported systems that deny the local promotion of local contents, for instance local music. Tourism is associated with shifts in population hence creating imported character behaviors. Tourism is sought to be a cause of immoral behavior and crime (Morgan, 2013). Tourism create deep influences in many ways, for example, the manner in which people dress is in many occasions influenced by the way tourists dress. The traditional or national manners in which people used to dress is slowly fading away to the tourism manners of dressing. Tourism also influences the spoken languages in many places (Morgan, 2013). Certain vocabularies of a nation end up being corroded by the influences introduced by tourists in different parts. The tourists create dents in the manner in which people address each other or speak to each other. They create different versions of words that are adopted in the communities. The adoption of heavy words that are insulting and abusive or disrespectful are adopted in the normal speeches of people making them part of the today culture (Morgan, 2013). Tourists are attributed for causing environmental damage especially in terms of wild fires in forests. The same tourists are responsible for the destruction of certain facilities such as the sand dunes in desert attractions. Tourism has also brought environmental pollution causing contamination of the environment. Tourism also undermines different cultures in different ways. One of the ways is commercializing culture which increases the level of litter, graffiti and vandalism. Tourism also comes with noise pollution and disrespect of local culture (Morgan,

An Analysis of the Stubbies Advertisement by Coca-Cola Essay Example for Free

An Analysis of the Stubbies Advertisement by Coca-Cola Essay The 2005 ‘Stubbies† advertisement by Coke-Cola owned soft drink company Lemon and Paeroa (LP) is constructed in such manner to produce ‘New Zealand’ within it text. The advertisement has been produced with particular attention and reference to New Zealand and New Zealanders, subjugating a sense of nationalism among viewers. This essay analyses and explains how LP creates and fosters a sense of national identity among viewers through elements of; nationalism, banal nationalism, and symbolism. The 1970s styled advertisement for LP was created by the production company Sliversceen Auckland. The storyline shows a formally dressed suited male entering a tailor shop and becoming acquainted with the casual clothing item of ‘stubbies’ shorts (Vist4ads 2005). These are an iconic clothing item associated with rural New Zealand and are coupled with values such as practicality and comfort. A range of men are then shown in variety of situations depicting the versatility of the stubbies shorts. Although a great deal of focus is given to the stubbies shorts, the item being advertised is the soft drink LP. It is drunk throughout the commercial, and the advertisement suggests that both stubbies shorts and LP are essential items of iconic ‘kiwi’ culture. This is reinforced through catchphrase ‘You were there and so was LP.’ The use of personal pro-noun ‘You’ connects and involves the audience with advertisement through the nationalistic branding technique of ‘co-creation (ZALA VOLCIC and MARK ANDREJEVIC 2011).’The reliance as brand placed upon consumers to build and disseminate the brands identity. The brand LP has constructed their advertisement in a particular way which leaves a reliance on consumers to reflect, build and distribute brand identity of being an iconic ‘kiwi’ favourite soft drink through drawing on their proud heritage and positive pastimes which make up New Zealand identity and culture. The consciousness of a space as a nation requires a level of imagination: a sense of people affiliating to the same state who negotiate and construct meanings. The definition of a nation requires a construction of representation of an image (Bell 1996). LP strives to be an iconic image which in turn encapsulates the embodiment of what it means to part of the nation of New Zealand. Media scholar Claudia Bell states that the building of a nation is not all natural, rather facilitated through socialisation mechanisms that guide us a citizens (Bell 1996). The advertisement aims to guide viewers to reflect on time when men wore ‘stubbies’ and ‘everyone just left their keys in the car anyway’. The portrayal by LP of these events is suggestive that these were ‘the good times’ for New Zealanders. The viewing population of New Zealand absorbs these values, reflections and associations with LP as assumptions of identity, which are unconscious taken on board. The connective association with LP and New Zealand national identity is an is an implicit marketing tool by Cola-Cola in order the present LP as New Zealand ’s drink of choice and a natural feature of a nation as summarized through the slogan â€Å"world famous in New Zealand since ages ago.† This reminds the viewer that a nation can only be formed through history which makes us unique as a nation. Production and construction of ‘New Zealand’ in the advertisement occurs through the advertising construction and production of banal nationalism. Banal nationalism is a concept founded by Michael billig which argues that the consistent reference to the everyday representations of the nation conceptually forms expressions of nationalism such as forming an imagined sense of national solidarity and belonging among those united in a national sense. Billing claims that everyday expressions of nationalism can be as important and reactivate as the representational flag-waving of nations. (PRIDEAUX 2009) Banal nationalism is repeated throughout the LP advertisement in a variety of ways. Firstly the sense of implied unity through the advertisements plotlines desires to be ‘our’ story and a snapshot of everyday New Zealand in the summer time of the 1970s. This is achieved through the voice-over language and popular expressions throughput the advertisement such as the colloquiums â€Å"back in the day† and ‘Kiwi’s.’ The casualness of the phrases projects a sense of understanding and unity among the New Zealand audience. The LP drinking New Zealanders shown the advertisement embody characters which are portrayed as typical ‘Kiwis’ in 1970s such as the small Maori boy with a large afro hairstyle posed next to his bike and the characteristic rural New Zealand bloke complete with singlet, jandals, and a mullet. Banal nationalism also occurs through the advertisement portrayal of typical New Zealand scenes which are familiar with such as the dairy, the rural country side, and a summer barbeque. These are relatable settings to almost any New Zealander and enables personal reflection. The symbols of banal nationalism symbols are most effective because of their constant repetition, and almost subliminal nature, therefore a very powerful marketing and advertising tool. The production of ‘New Zealand’ occurs in the LP advertisement through the placement of a range of symbols which are an attempt to reference and embody New Zealand as a nation. The repeated image of the kiwi bird along the window in scene when a stubbies clad male is impressing a pretty girl is not a coincidence. The kiwi bird is the product of New Zealand and being used to repeatedly remind viewers of their place in the nation, a process Michael billing describes as being ‘flagged,’ a term coined by nations overuse flying nation flags. The kiwi is iconic since the bird is native to New Zealand. The advertisement also couples the kiwi with other iconic symbols associated with New Zealand and national pride such jandals, and the act of a large summer barbeque which are symbolic of deeper meanings to the New Zealander such as relaxation and family. New Zealand indigenous symbols such as the kiwi bird that are distinctively New Zealand are particular important in the production of nationalism within advertisement simply as they are not British. Historically New Zealand derived symbols of national identity from the motherland such as Britannia (Bell 1996). The kiwi build nationality as it is naturally occurring and guides New Zealanders as citizens. Symbols are closely interlinked with national identity as they draw associations among viewers. The production of national symbols like the kiwi into this advertisement that is selling bottled soft drink is not random, rather an attempt to associate the idealised images associated with the symbol and merge with the marketed product o f LP. The advertisers wish to make LP symbolic and iconic and to naturally compel viewers to place LP into their symbolic category of what embodies New Zealand as a nation and what it is to be a New Zealander. New Zealand is multicultural nation and this has been understood by the advertiser by portraying a range of different New Zealander within the thirty second video clip. This is most effectively portrayed in the end scene of summer barbeque. The barbeque is made up both Pakeha and Maori attendees who seen chatting, relaxing, and drinking LP. The use of people who literally look like they are New Zealanders localises the advertisement for effective absorption of values. Although New Zealand has many cultural issues such as regular Treaty of Waitangi disputes, these are brushed aside and New Zealand mixed culture is produced and perceived as positive. Although LP is part of a global multinational company Coke-Cola this is ignored and the advertisement is produced with a distinct New Zea land feel leading consumers to believe the drink is of local origin, in particular the small town of Paeora which the drink shares its name. The advertiser claim ‘world famous in New Zealand’ also slants towards the projection the soft drink is locally produced and therefore competes on a level international soft drinks cannot. (Bell 1996). A key component of nationalism is an understanding of history and the intermingled of both of New Zealand major ethnic races pays homage to New Zealand colonial past and assimilating cultures. LP understands that the world is rapidly changing and globalisation is rapidly expanding and increasing the dominance of transnational marketplace therefore produced affirmation of ‘New Zealand† and nationalism with their stubbies advertisement to showcase and assert distinctiveness of the nation’s unique local, regional, and national identity (Bell 1996). â€Å"Any nation’s existence relies on some sense of loyalty to that nation, on patriotic sentiment, on awareness of nationalism. A sense of shared purpose, a pride in a place, acknowledgment of national success. All these combine in a sense of belonging (Bell 1996)†. Michael Billing noted that Billing noted that every day we are reminded that we belong to a nation through routine occurrences including using passports, the language of political speakers, the media and academia (Billing 1995 ). However through examination it has become apparent that nationalism has become a tool by advertisers to foster nationalist feelings to their audience. The advertisement establishes and produces New Zealand as a nation and then reproduces and represents New Zealand as an LP loving nation. In advertising, the power of recognition is manipulated for economic ends. The ‘stubbies’ advertisement shows an idealised version of New Zealand is order to create a collective inter est in the product. Bibliography Bell, Claudia. Inventing NZ: Everyday Myths of Pakeha Identity. Auckland: Penguin Books, 1996. Billig, Michael. Banal Nationlism . London : Sage Publishing , 1995 . PRIDEAUX, JILLIAN. Consuming icons: nationalism and advertising in Australia. Nations and Nationlism (School of Political Science and International Studies, The University of Queensland) 15, no. 4 (2009): 616–635. Vist4ads. LP stubbies. 2005. http://www.visit4ads.com/details.cfm?adid=20954 (accessed 08 2, 2013). ZALA VOLCIC and MARK ANDREJEVIC. Nation Branding in the Era of Commercial Nationalism. International Journal of Communication 5, 2011: 598–618.

Effects of Television Violence on Children and Teenagers :: essays research papers fc

Effects of Television Violence on Children and Teenagers Does violence on television have a negative effect on children and teenagers? The violence shown on television has a surprisingly negative effect. Television violence causes children and teenagers to become less caring, to lose their inhibitions, to become less sensitive, and also may cause violent and aggressive behavior. Television violence causes children and teenagers to be less caring, to lose their inhibitions, and to be less sensitive. In a study on the connection between violence and television done with 1,565 teenage boys over a six-year period in London, William Belson, a British psychologist, found that every time a child saw someone being shot or killed on television they became less caring towards other people (Kinnear 26). William Belson also discovered that every time a child viewed this violence on television, they lost a fragment of their inhibitions towards others (Kinnear 26). In addition to William Belson’s study, studies done by many scientists and doctors show that seeing violence on television causes viewers to become less sensitive to the pain of others (Mudore 1). Furthermore, television violence causes aggressive behavior in children. Many people believe that children who watch violent television programs exhibit more aggressive behavior than that exhibited by children who do not (Kinnear 23). According to the results of many studies and reports, violence on television can lead to aggressive behavior in children (Langone 50). Also, when television was introduced into a community of children for the first time, researchers observed a rise in the level of physical and verbal aggression among these children (Langone 51). The more television violence viewed by a child, the more aggressive the child is (â€Å"Children† 1). Television violence is also a cause of both violent and aggressive behavior in teenage boys. According to the evidence in a study done by Turner, Hesse, and Peterson-Lewis, it was concluded that watching television violence had a long-term increase in aggression in boys (Hough 1). In addition to this study, Dr. William A. Belson evaluated fifteen hundred boys, aged thirteen to sixteen years, and he determined that boys with heavy television exposure are more likely to commit violent acts than other boys (Langone 51). In Belson’s study, he discovered that the effect of each violent act on television was collective, and over time, Belson discovered that the boys engaged in many aggressive acts, including painting graffiti, breaking windows, aggressive play, swearing, and threatening other boys with violence (Kinnear 26).

Principle of Earth Science Essay

The three stages according from the oldest to the youngest formation are granite, basalt and lastly andesite formation. This will discuss about the formation, composition, type of intrusion and cooling history of each stages. The granite formation is the oldest stage since granite is formed usually beneath the crust about 1. 5 km up to 50 km depth. Primarily, granite is composed of silicon and alumina about 72. 04% and 14. 42%, respectively. The formation of granite occurs through extreme metasomatism. Through metasomatism, elements are brought out by fluids like potassium and calcium to convert the metamorphic rock to granite. According to Himanshu K. Sachan (1999), granite in the northern Himalaya starts its cooling history at 705 Â °C and continued up to 650 Â °C in the range of 1. 2–2. 8 kbar. The next stage is the basalt formation. Basalt is composed of magnesium oxide, calcium oxide and low amount of silicon, sodium oxide and potassium oxide. The formation of basalt occurs when there is a volcanic eruption either under or above the. Mostly the formation of basalt occurs underneath the sea. Through the introduction of water the magma hardens to form the basalt. Basalt forms between 50km up to 100 km depth within the mantle and 150 km up to 200 km for some high-alumina basalt. The next stage will be andesite. The youngest of the formation is the perpendicular andesite. After basalt, the most common volcanic rock would be he andesite. The main composition of andesite is silica about 57%. Andesite is formed either by frictional crystallization or magma mixing with felsic rhyolitic. Melting and assimilation of rock fragments by rising magma to the surface form andesite.

The Definition of Institutional Racism

The term institutional racism describes societal patterns and structures that impose oppressive or otherwise negative conditions on identifiable groups on the basis of race or ethnicity. Oppression may come from business, the government, the health care system, the schools, or the court, among other institutions.  This phenomenon may also be referred to as societal racism, institutionalized racism, or cultural racism. Institutional racism shouldnt be confused with individual racism, which is directed against one or a few individuals. It has the potential of negatively affecting people on a large scale, such as if a school refused to accept any African Americans on the basis of color.   The History of Institutional Racism   The term institutional racism  was coined at some point during the late 1960s  by Stokely Carmichael, who would  later become known as Kwame Ture.  Carmichael felt that it was important to distinguish personal bias, which has specific effects and can be identified and corrected relatively easily, with institutional bias, which is generally long-term and grounded more in inertia than in intent. Carmichael made this distinction because, like Martin Luther King Jr., he had grown tired of white moderates and uncommitted liberals who felt that the primary or sole purpose of the civil rights movement was white personal transformation. Carmichaels primary concern—and the primary concern of most civil rights leaders at the time—was societal transformation, a much more ambitious goal. Contemporary Relevance   Institutional racism in the United States  results from the social caste system that sustained—and was sustained by—slavery and racial segregation. Although the laws that enforced this caste system are no longer in place, its basic structure still stands to this day. This structure may gradually fall apart on its own over a period of generations, but activism is often  necessary to expedite the process and provide for a more equitable society in the interim. Examples of Institutional Racism   Opposing public school funding is not necessarily an act of individual racism. One can certainly oppose public school funding for valid, non-racist reasons. But to the extent that opposing public school funding has a disproportionate and detrimental effect on minority youth, it furthers the agenda of institutional racism.Many  other positions that are contrary to the civil rights agenda, such as  opposition to affirmative action, can also have the often unintended effect of sustaining institutional racism.Racial profiling occurs when any group is targeted for suspicion based on race, ethnic origin, or because they belong to another recognized protected class. The most well-known example of racial profiling involves law enforcement zeroing in on African-American males. Muslims have also been subjected to racial profiling after September 11, 2001, including anyone with a Middle Eastern appearance regardless of that individuals actual religious beliefs.   Looking to the Future   Various forms of activism have famously fought institutional racism over the years. Abolitionists and suffragettes are prime examples from the past. The Black Lives Matter movement was launched in the summer of 2013 after the 2012 death of 17-year-old Trayvon Martin and the subsequent acquittal of his shooter, which many felt were based on race.